magnum/doc/matrix-vector.dox

/*
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namespace Magnum {
/** @page matrix-vector Operations with matrices and vectors

@brief Introduction to essential classes of the graphics pipeline.

@tableofcontents

Matrices and vectors are the most important part of graphics programming and
one of goals of %Magnum is to make their usage as intuitive as possible. This
page will overview their usage and introduce some tricks to make your life
easier.

@section matrix-vector-hierarchy Matrix and vector classes

%Magnum has three main matrix and vector classes: @ref Math::RectangularMatrix,
(square) @ref Math::Matrix and @ref Math::Vector. To achieve greatest code
reuse, %Matrix is internally square %RectangularMatrix and %RectangularMatrix
is internally array of one or more %Vector instances. Both vectors and matrices
can have arbitrary size (known at compile time) and can store any arithmetic
type.

Each subclass brings some specialization to its superclass and for most common
vector and matrix sizes there are specialized classes @ref Math::Matrix3 and
@ref Math::Matrix4, implementing various transformations in 2D and 3D,
@ref Math::Vector2, @ref Math::Vector3 and @ref Math::Vector4, implementing
direct access to named components. Functions of each class try to return the
most specialized type known to make subsequent operations more convenient --
columns of %RectangularMatrix are returned as %Vector, but when accessing
columns of e.g. %Matrix3, they are returned as %Vector3.

There are also even more specialized subclasses, e.g. @ref Color3 and
@ref Color4 for color handling and conversion.

Commonly used types have convenience aliases in @ref Magnum namespace, so you
can write e.g. `%Vector3i` instead of `%Math::Vector3<Int>`. See @ref types and
namespace documentation for more information.

@section matrix-vector-construction Constructing matrices and vectors

Default constructors of @ref Math::RectangularMatrix and @ref Math::Vector (and
@ref Math::Vector2, @ref Math::Vector3, @ref Math::Vector4, @ref Color3) create
zero-filled objects. @ref Math::Matrix (and @ref Math::Matrix3, @ref Math::Matrix4)
is by default constructed as identity matrix. @ref Color4 has alpha value set
to opaque.
@code
Matrix2x3 a; // zero-filled
Vector3i b;  // zero-filled

Matrix3 identity;           // diagonal set to 1
Matrix3 zero(Matrix::Zero); // zero-filled

Color4 black1;                    // {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}
BasicColor4<UnsignedByte> black2; // {0, 0, 0, 255}
@endcode

Most common and most efficient way to create vector is to pass all values to
constructor, matrix is created by passing all column vectors to the
constructor.
@code
Vector3i vec(0, 1, 2);

Matrix3 mat({0.0f, 1.9f, 2.2f},
            {3.5f, 4.0f, 5.1f},
            {6.0f, 7.3f, 8.0f});
@endcode
All constructors check number of passed arguments and the errors are catched
at compile time.

You can specify all components of vector or whole diagonal of square matrix at
once or you can create diagonal matrix from vector:
@code
Matrix3 diag(Matrix3::Identity, 2.0f); // diagonal set to 2.0f, zeros elsewhere
Vector3i fill(10);                     // {10, 10, 10}
auto diag2 = Matrix3::fromDiagonal({3.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f});
@endcode

It is possible to create matrices from other matrices and vectors with the same
row count; vectors from vector and scalar:
@code
Math::RectangularMatrix<2, 3, Int> a;
Math::Vector<3, Int> b, c;
Math::Matrix3<Int> mat(a, b);
Math::Vector<8, Int> vec(1, b, 2, c);
@endcode

@todo Implement this ^ already.

It is also possible to create them from an C-style array. The function does
simple type cast without any copying, so it's possible to conveniently operate
on the array itself:
@code
Int[] mat = { 2, 4, 6,
              1, 3, 5 };
RectangularMatrix<2, 3, Int>::from(mat) *= 2; // mat == { 4, 8, 12, 2, 6, 10 }
@endcode
Note that unlike constructors, this function has no way to check whether the
array is long enough to contain all elements, so use with caution.

You can also *explicitly* convert between data types:
@code
Vector4 floating(1.3f, 2.7f, -15.0f, 7.0f);
auto integral = Vector4i(floating);         // {1, 2, -15, 7}
@endcode

@section matrix-vector-component-access Accessing matrix and vector components

Column vectors of matrices and vector components can be accessed using square
brackets, there is also round bracket operator for accessing matrix components
directly:
@code
Matrix3x2 a;
a[2] /= 2.0f;   // third column (column major indexing, see explanation below)
a[0][1] = 5.3f; // first column, second element

Vector3i b;
b[1] = 1;       // second element
@endcode

Row vectors can be accessed too, but only for reading, and the access is slower
due to the way the matrix is stored (see explanation below):
@code
Vector2i c = a.row(2); // third row
@endcode

Fixed-size vector subclasses have functions for accessing named components
and subparts:
@code
Vector4i a;
Int x = a.x();
a.y() += 5;

Vector3i xyz = a.xyz();
xyz.xy() *= 5;
@endcode
Color3 and Color4 name their components `rgba` instead of `xyzw`.

For more involved operations with components there is the @ref swizzle()
function:
@code
Vector4i original(-1, 2, 3, 4);
Vector4i bgra = swizzle<'b', 'g', 'r', 'a'>(original); // { 3, 2, -1, 4 }
Math::Vector<6, Int> w10xyz = swizzle<'w', '1', '0', 'x', 'y', 'z'>(original); // { 4, 1, 0, -1, 2, 3 }
@endcode

@section matrix-vector-operations Operations with matrices and vectors

Vectors can be added, subtracted, negated and multiplied or divided with
scalars, as is common in mathematics, %Magnum also adds the ability to divide
scalar with vector:
@code
Vector3 a(1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f);
Vector3 b = a*5.0f - Vector3(3.0f, -0.5f, -7.5f); // b == {5.0f, 9.5f, 7.5f}
Vector3 c = 1.0f/a; // c == {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.333f}
@endcode

As in GLSL, vectors can be also multiplied or divided component-wise:
@code
Vector3 a(1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f);
Vector3 b = a*Vector3(-0.5f, 2.0f, -7.0f); // b == {-0.5f, 4.0f, -21.0f}
@endcode

When working with integral vectors (i.e. 24bit RGB values), it is often
desirable to multiply them with floating-point values but with integral result.
In %Magnum all mulitplication/division operations involving integral vectors
will have integral result, you need to convert both arguments to the same
floating-point type to have floating-point result.
@code
BasicColor3<UnsignedByte> color(80, 116, 34);
BasicColor3<UnsignedByte> lighter = color*1.5f; // lighter = {120, 174, 51}

Vector3i a(4, 18, -90);
Vector3 multiplier(2.2f, 0.25f, 0.1f);
Vector3i b = a*multiplier;                      // b == {8, 4, -9}
Vector3 c = Vector3(a)*multiplier;              // c == {8.0f, 4.5f, -9.0f}
@endcode

You can use also all bitwise operations on integral vectors:
@code
Vector2i size(256, 256);
Vector2i mipLevel3Size = size >> 3;             // == {32, 32}
@endcode

Matrices can be added, subtracted and multiplied with matrix multiplication.
@code
Matrix3x2 a;
Matrix3x2 b;
Matrix3x2 c = a + (-b);

Matrix2x3 d;
Matrix2x2 e = d*b;
Matrix3x3 f = b*d;
@endcode

You can also multiply (properly sized) vectors with matrices. These operations
are just convenience shortcuts for multiplying with single-column matrices:
@code
Matrix3x4 a;
Vector3 b;
Vector4 c = a*b;

Math::RectangularMatrix<4, 1, Float> d;
Matrix4x3 e = b*d;
@endcode

@section matrix-vector-column-major Matrices are column-major and vectors are columns

OpenGL matrices are column-major, thus it is reasonable to have matrices in
%Magnum also column major (and vectors as columns). This has naturally some
implications and it may differ from what is common in mathematics:

- Order of template arguments in specification of @ref Math::RectangularMatrix
  is also column-major:
@code
Math::RectangularMatrix<2, 3, Int> mat; // two columns, three rows
@endcode
- Order of components in matrix constructors is also column-major, further
  emphasized by requirement that you have to pass directly column vectors:
@code
Math::Matrix3<Int> mat({0, 1, 2},
                       {3, 4, 5},
                       {6, 7, 8}); // first column is {0, 1, 2}
@endcode
- Element accessing order is also column-major, thus the bracket operator is
  accessing columns. Returned vector has also its own bracket operator, which
  is then indexing rows.
@code
mat[0] *= 2;    // first column
mat[2][0] = 5;  // first element of third column
@endcode
- Various algorithms which commonly operate on matrix rows (such as
  @ref Algorithms::gaussJordanInPlace() "Gauss-Jordan elimination") have faster
  alternatives which operate on columns. It's then up to user decision to
  operate with transposed matrices or use the slower non-transposed
  alternative of the algorithm.
*/
}}