GCC 4.4 compatibility: better solution for explicit conversion of Unit.

Having implicit conversion on Unit class causes much more harm than
doing the conversion some other way -- mainly for multiplication and
division, which is done with builtin operators and thus the result is
unitless. Also it is possible to do wrong "retyping" between degrees and
radians:

    Rad a = Constants::pi();
    Deg b(a*2);

On GCC >4.5 b is `180`, but on GCC 4.4 it is `2pi`, which is obviously
wrong and not wanted.

The conversion is done using Unit::toUnderlyingType() which is now used
everywhere instead of conversion operator. The conversion operator is
made available only for GCC 4.5, where it can be marked as explicit.
This might cause incompatibilites with `master` branch, where no
Unit::toUnderlyingType() exists, but users should have no need to
convert it to underlying type anyway as all required functions are
available through the library.

This reverts commit 36ac4de5c4 and
partially also 0db3a183ae (UnitTest.cpp).

src/Color.h

@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ template<class T> inline typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::valu
     std::tie(hue, saturation, value) = hsv;
 
     /* Remove repeats */
-    hue -= Math::Deg<T>(int(T(hue)/T(360))*T(360));
+    hue -= int(hue.toUnderlyingType()/T(360))*Math::Deg<T>(360);
     if(hue < Math::Deg<T>(0)) hue += Math::Deg<T>(360);
 
-    int h = int(T(hue)/T(60)) % 6;
-    T f = T(hue)/T(60) - h;
+    int h = int(hue.toUnderlyingType()/T(60)) % 6;
+    T f = hue.toUnderlyingType()/T(60) - h;
 
     T p = value * (T(1) - saturation);
     T q = value * (T(1) - f*saturation);

src/Math/Angle.h

@@ -231,14 +231,14 @@ See operator""_degf() for more information.
 inline constexpr Rad<Float> operator "" _radf(long double value) { return Rad<Float>(value); }
 #endif
 
-template<class T> inline constexpr Deg<T>::Deg(Unit<Rad, T> value): Unit<Math::Deg, T>(T(180)*T(value)/Math::Constants<T>::pi()) {}
-template<class T> inline constexpr Rad<T>::Rad(Unit<Deg, T> value): Unit<Math::Rad, T>(T(value)*Math::Constants<T>::pi()/T(180)) {}
+template<class T> inline constexpr Deg<T>::Deg(Unit<Rad, T> value): Unit<Math::Deg, T>(T(180)*value.toUnderlyingType()/Math::Constants<T>::pi()) {}
+template<class T> inline constexpr Rad<T>::Rad(Unit<Deg, T> value): Unit<Math::Rad, T>(value.toUnderlyingType()*Math::Constants<T>::pi()/T(180)) {}
 
 /** @debugoperator{Magnum::Math::Rad} */
 template<class T> Corrade::Utility::Debug operator<<(Corrade::Utility::Debug debug, const Unit<Rad, T>& value) {
     debug << "Rad(";
     debug.setFlag(Corrade::Utility::Debug::SpaceAfterEachValue, false);
-    debug << T(value) << ")";
+    debug << value.toUnderlyingType() << ")";
     debug.setFlag(Corrade::Utility::Debug::SpaceAfterEachValue, true);
     return debug;
 }
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ template<class T> Corrade::Utility::Debug operator<<(Corrade::Utility::Debug deb
 template<class T> Corrade::Utility::Debug operator<<(Corrade::Utility::Debug debug, const Unit<Deg, T>& value) {
     debug << "Deg(";
     debug.setFlag(Corrade::Utility::Debug::SpaceAfterEachValue, false);
-    debug << T(value) << ")";
+    debug << value.toUnderlyingType() << ")";
     debug.setFlag(Corrade::Utility::Debug::SpaceAfterEachValue, true);
     return debug;
 }

src/Math/Complex.h

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ template<class T> class Complex {
          * @see angle(), Matrix3::rotation(), Quaternion::rotation()
          */
         inline static Complex<T> rotation(Rad<T> angle) {
-            return {std::cos(T(angle)), std::sin(T(angle))};
+            return {std::cos(angle.toUnderlyingType()), std::sin(angle.toUnderlyingType())};
         }
 
         /**

src/Math/Functions.h

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ UnsignedInt MAGNUM_EXPORT log(UnsignedInt base, UnsignedInt number);
 #ifdef DOXYGEN_GENERATING_OUTPUT
 template<class T> inline T sin(Rad<T> angle) { return std::sin(T(angle)); }
 #else
-template<class T> inline T sin(Unit<Rad, T> angle) { return std::sin(T(angle)); }
+template<class T> inline T sin(Unit<Rad, T> angle) { return std::sin(angle.toUnderlyingType()); }
 template<class T> inline T sin(Unit<Deg, T> angle) { return sin(Rad<T>(angle)); }
 #endif
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ template<class T> inline T sin(Unit<Deg, T> angle) { return sin(Rad<T>(angle));
 #ifdef DOXYGEN_GENERATING_OUTPUT
 template<class T> inline T cos(Rad<T> angle) { return std::cos(T(angle)); }
 #else
-template<class T> inline T cos(Unit<Rad, T> angle) { return std::cos(T(angle)); }
+template<class T> inline T cos(Unit<Rad, T> angle) { return std::cos(angle.toUnderlyingType()); }
 template<class T> inline T cos(Unit<Deg, T> angle) { return cos(Rad<T>(angle)); }
 #endif
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ template<class T> inline T cos(Unit<Deg, T> angle) { return cos(Rad<T>(angle));
 #ifdef DOXYGEN_GENERATING_OUTPUT
 template<class T> inline T tan(Rad<T> angle) { return std::tan(T(angle)); }
 #else
-template<class T> inline T tan(Unit<Rad, T> angle) { return std::tan(T(angle)); }
+template<class T> inline T tan(Unit<Rad, T> angle) { return std::tan(angle.toUnderlyingType()); }
 template<class T> inline T tan(Unit<Deg, T> angle) { return tan(Rad<T>(angle)); }
 #endif
 

src/Math/Matrix3.h

@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ template<class T> class Matrix3: public Matrix<3, T> {
          *      Matrix4::rotation(Rad, const Vector3&)
          */
         static Matrix3<T> rotation(Rad<T> angle) {
-            T sine = std::sin(T(angle));
-            T cosine = std::cos(T(angle));
+            T sine = std::sin(angle.toUnderlyingType());
+            T cosine = std::cos(angle.toUnderlyingType());
 
             return {{ cosine,   sine, T(0)},
                     {  -sine, cosine, T(0)},

src/Math/Matrix4.h

@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ template<class T> class Matrix4: public Matrix<4, T> {
             CORRADE_ASSERT(normalizedAxis.isNormalized(),
                            "Math::Matrix4::rotation(): axis must be normalized", {});
 
-            T sine = std::sin(T(angle));
-            T cosine = std::cos(T(angle));
+            T sine = std::sin(angle.toUnderlyingType());
+            T cosine = std::cos(angle.toUnderlyingType());
             T oneMinusCosine = T(1) - cosine;
 
             T xx = normalizedAxis.x()*normalizedAxis.x();
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ template<class T> class Matrix4: public Matrix<4, T> {
          *      rotation() const, Quaternion::rotation(), Matrix3::rotation(Rad)
          */
         static Matrix4<T> rotationX(Rad<T> angle) {
-            T sine = std::sin(T(angle));
-            T cosine = std::cos(T(angle));
+            T sine = std::sin(angle.toUnderlyingType());
+            T cosine = std::cos(angle.toUnderlyingType());
 
             return {{T(1),   T(0),   T(0), T(0)},
                     {T(0), cosine,   sine, T(0)},
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ template<class T> class Matrix4: public Matrix<4, T> {
          *      rotation() const, Quaternion::rotation(), Matrix3::rotation(Rad)
          */
         static Matrix4<T> rotationY(Rad<T> angle) {
-            T sine = std::sin(T(angle));
-            T cosine = std::cos(T(angle));
+            T sine = std::sin(angle.toUnderlyingType());
+            T cosine = std::cos(angle.toUnderlyingType());
 
             return {{cosine, T(0),  -sine, T(0)},
                     {  T(0), T(1),   T(0), T(0)},
@@ -167,8 +167,8 @@ template<class T> class Matrix4: public Matrix<4, T> {
          *      rotation() const, Quaternion::rotation(), Matrix3::rotation(Rad)
          */
         static Matrix4<T> rotationZ(Rad<T> angle) {
-            T sine = std::sin(T(angle));
-            T cosine = std::cos(T(angle));
+            T sine = std::sin(angle.toUnderlyingType());
+            T cosine = std::cos(angle.toUnderlyingType());
 
             return {{cosine,   sine, T(0), T(0)},
                     { -sine, cosine, T(0), T(0)},
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ template<class T> class Matrix4: public Matrix<4, T> {
          * @see orthographicProjection(), Matrix3::projection()
          */
         static Matrix4<T> perspectiveProjection(Rad<T> fov, T aspectRatio, T near, T far) {
-            T xyScale = 2*std::tan(T(fov)/2)*near;
+            T xyScale = 2*std::tan(fov.toUnderlyingType()/2)*near;
 
             return perspectiveProjection(Vector2<T>(xyScale, xyScale/aspectRatio), near, far);
         }

src/Math/Quaternion.h

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ template<class T> class Quaternion {
             CORRADE_ASSERT(normalizedAxis.isNormalized(),
                            "Math::Quaternion::rotation(): axis must be normalized", {});
 
-            return {normalizedAxis*std::sin(T(angle)/2), std::cos(T(angle)/2)};
+            return {normalizedAxis*std::sin(angle.toUnderlyingType()/2), std::cos(angle.toUnderlyingType()/2)};
         }
 
         /**

src/Math/Test/AngleTest.cpp

@@ -60,24 +60,24 @@ AngleTest::AngleTest() {
 void AngleTest::construct() {
     /* Default constructor */
     constexpr Deg m;
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Float(m), 0.0f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(m.toUnderlyingType(), 0.0f);
     #ifndef MAGNUM_TARGET_GLES
     constexpr Degd a;
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Double(a), 0.0);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(a.toUnderlyingType(), 0.0);
     #else
     constexpr Deg a;
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Float(a), 0.0f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(a.toUnderlyingType(), 0.0f);
     #endif
 
     /* Value constructor */
     constexpr Deg b(25.0);
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Float(b), 25.0f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(b.toUnderlyingType(), 25.0f);
     #ifndef MAGNUM_TARGET_GLES
     constexpr Radd n(3.14);
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Double(n), 3.14);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(n.toUnderlyingType(), 3.14);
     #else
     constexpr Rad n(3.14);
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Float(n), 3.14f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(n.toUnderlyingType(), 3.14f);
     #endif
 
     /* Copy constructor */
@@ -93,13 +93,13 @@ void AngleTest::construct() {
 
     /* Conversion operator */
     constexpr Rad p(n);
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Float(p), 3.14f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(p.toUnderlyingType(), 3.14f);
     #ifndef MAGNUM_TARGET_GLES
     constexpr Degd d(b);
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Double(d), 25.0);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(d.toUnderlyingType(), 25.0);
     #else
     constexpr Deg d(b);
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Float(d), 25.0f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(d.toUnderlyingType(), 25.0f);
     #endif
 }
 
@@ -130,10 +130,10 @@ void AngleTest::literals() {
 void AngleTest::conversion() {
     /* Implicit conversion should be allowed */
     constexpr Deg a = Rad(1.57079633f);
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Float(a), 90.0f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(a.toUnderlyingType(), 90.0f);
 
     constexpr Rad b = Deg(90.0f);
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Float(b), 1.57079633f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(b.toUnderlyingType(), 1.57079633f);
 }
 
 void AngleTest::debugDeg() {

src/Math/Test/FunctionsTest.cpp

@@ -300,17 +300,17 @@ void FunctionsTest::trigonometric() {
 
 void FunctionsTest::trigonometricWithBase() {
     /* Verify that the functions can be called with Unit<Deg, T> and Unit<Rad, T> */
-    CORRADE_VERIFY((std::is_same<decltype(Deg(15.0f)+Deg(15.0f)), Unit<Math::Deg, Float>>::value));
-    CORRADE_VERIFY((std::is_same<decltype(Rad(Constants::pi()/12)+Rad(Constants::pi()/12)), Unit<Math::Rad, Float>>::value));
+    CORRADE_VERIFY((std::is_same<decltype(2*Deg(15.0f)), Unit<Math::Deg, Float>>::value));
+    CORRADE_VERIFY((std::is_same<decltype(2*Rad(Constants::pi()/12)), Unit<Math::Rad, Float>>::value));
 
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Math::sin(Deg(15.0f)+Deg(15.0f)), 0.5f);
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Math::sin(Rad(Constants::pi()/12)+Rad(Constants::pi()/12)), 0.5f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(Math::sin(2*Deg(15.0f)), 0.5f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(Math::sin(2*Rad(Constants::pi()/12)), 0.5f);
 
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Math::cos(Deg(30.0f)+Deg(30.0f)), 0.5f);
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Math::cos(Rad(Constants::pi()/6)+Rad(Constants::pi()/6)), 0.5f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(Math::cos(2*Deg(30.0f)), 0.5f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(Math::cos(2*Rad(Constants::pi()/6)), 0.5f);
 
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Math::tan(Deg(22.5f)+Deg(22.5f)), 1.0f);
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Math::tan(Rad(Constants::pi()/8)+Rad(Constants::pi()/8)), 1.0f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(Math::tan(2*Deg(22.5f)), 1.0f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(Math::tan(2*Rad(Constants::pi()/8)), 1.0f);
 }
 
 }}}

src/Math/Test/UnitTest.cpp

@@ -58,21 +58,16 @@ typedef Unit<Sec_, Float> Sec;
 typedef Unit<Sec_, Int> Seci;
 
 inline Corrade::Utility::Debug operator<<(Corrade::Utility::Debug debug, Sec value) {
-    return debug << Float(value);
+    return debug << value.toUnderlyingType();
 }
 
 void UnitTest::construct() {
     constexpr Sec a(25.0f);
-    CORRADE_COMPARE(Float(a), 25.0f);
+    CORRADE_COMPARE(a.toUnderlyingType(), 25.0f);
 
     /* Implicit conversion is not allowed */
     CORRADE_VERIFY(!(std::is_convertible<Float, Sec>::value));
-    {
-        #ifdef CORRADE_GCC44_COMPATIBILITY
-        CORRADE_EXPECT_FAIL("GCC 4.4 doesn't have explicit conversion operators");
-        #endif
-        CORRADE_VERIFY(!(std::is_convertible<Sec, Float>::value));
-    }
+    CORRADE_VERIFY(!(std::is_convertible<Sec, Float>::value));
 }
 
 void UnitTest::constructDefault() {
@@ -143,17 +138,9 @@ void UnitTest::multiplyDivide() {
     constexpr Sec b(-4.5f);
     constexpr Sec c(5.0f);
 
-    /* The operation returns underlying type on GCC 4.4 because of non-explicit
-       conversion operators and conflicts with builtin operators */
-    #ifndef CORRADE_GCC44_COMPATIBILITY
     constexpr Sec d = a*-1.5f;
     constexpr Sec e = -1.5f*a;
     constexpr Sec f = b/-1.5f;
-    #else
-    constexpr Sec d(a*-1.5f);
-    constexpr Sec e(-1.5f*a);
-    constexpr Sec f(b/-1.5f);
-    #endif
     CORRADE_COMPARE(d, b);
     CORRADE_COMPARE(e, b);
     CORRADE_COMPARE(f, a);

src/Math/Unit.h

@@ -53,11 +53,12 @@ template<template<class> class Derived, class T> class Unit {
         /** @brief Construct from another underlying type */
         template<class U> inline constexpr explicit Unit(Unit<Derived, U> value): value(value.value) {}
 
+        /** @brief Explicit conversion to underlying type */
+        inline constexpr T toUnderlyingType() const { return value; }
+
         /** @brief Explicit conversion to underlying type */
         #ifndef CORRADE_GCC44_COMPATIBILITY
         inline constexpr explicit operator T() const { return value; }
-        #else
-        inline constexpr operator T() const { return value; }
         #endif
 
         /** @brief Equality comparison */
@@ -117,9 +118,6 @@ template<template<class> class Derived, class T> class Unit {
             return Unit<Derived, T>(value - other.value);
         }
 
-        /* These are conflicting with builtin operators because of non-explicit
-           conversion to T */
-        #ifndef CORRADE_GCC44_COMPATIBILITY
         /** @brief Multiply with number and assign */
         inline Unit<Derived, T>& operator*=(T number) {
             value *= number;
@@ -146,21 +144,17 @@ template<template<class> class Derived, class T> class Unit {
         inline constexpr T operator/(Unit<Derived, T> other) const {
             return value/other.value;
         }
-        #endif
 
     private:
         T value;
 };
 
-/* This is conflicting with builtin operator because of non-explicit conversion to T */
-#ifndef CORRADE_GCC44_COMPATIBILITY
 /** @relates Unit
 @brief Multiply number with value
 */
 template<template<class> class Derived, class T> inline constexpr Unit<Derived, T> operator*(typename std::common_type<T>::type number, const Unit<Derived, T>& value) {
     return value*number;
 }
-#endif
 
 }}
 

src/Primitives/Capsule.cpp

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Capsule::Capsule(UnsignedInt hemisphereRings, UnsignedInt cylinderRings, Unsigne
     capVertex(-height/2, -1.0f, 0.0f);
 
     /* Rings of bottom hemisphere */
-    hemisphereVertexRings(hemisphereRings-1, -length/2, -Rad(Constants::pi()/2)+hemisphereRingAngleIncrement, hemisphereRingAngleIncrement, hemisphereTextureCoordsVIncrement, hemisphereTextureCoordsVIncrement);
+    hemisphereVertexRings(hemisphereRings-1, -length/2, -Rad(Constants::pi())/2+hemisphereRingAngleIncrement, hemisphereRingAngleIncrement, hemisphereTextureCoordsVIncrement, hemisphereTextureCoordsVIncrement);
 
     /* Rings of cylinder */
     cylinderVertexRings(cylinderRings+1, -length/2, length/cylinderRings, 1.0f/height, length/(cylinderRings*height));
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ void Capsule::hemisphereVertexRings(UnsignedInt count, Float centerY, Rad startR
     Rad segmentAngleIncrement(2*Constants::pi()/segments);
     Float x, y, z;
     for(UnsignedInt i = 0; i != count; ++i) {
-        Rad ringAngle = startRingAngle + Rad(i*ringAngleIncrement);
+        Rad ringAngle = startRingAngle + i*ringAngleIncrement;
         x = z = Math::cos(ringAngle);
         y = Math::sin(ringAngle);
 
         for(UnsignedInt j = 0; j != segments; ++j) {
-            Rad segmentAngle(j*segmentAngleIncrement);
+            Rad segmentAngle = j*segmentAngleIncrement;
             positions(0)->push_back({x*Math::sin(segmentAngle), centerY+y, z*Math::cos(segmentAngle)});
             normals(0)->push_back({x*Math::sin(segmentAngle), y, z*Math::cos(segmentAngle)});
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ void Capsule::cylinderVertexRings(UnsignedInt count, Float startY, Float yIncrem
     Rad segmentAngleIncrement(2*Constants::pi()/segments);
     for(UnsignedInt i = 0; i != count; ++i) {
         for(UnsignedInt j = 0; j != segments; ++j) {
-            Rad segmentAngle(j*segmentAngleIncrement);
+            Rad segmentAngle = j*segmentAngleIncrement;
             positions(0)->push_back({Math::sin(segmentAngle), startY, Math::cos(segmentAngle)});
             normals(0)->push_back({Math::sin(segmentAngle), 0.0f, Math::cos(segmentAngle)});
 

src/Primitives/Cylinder.cpp

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ void Cylinder::capVertexRing(Float y, Float textureCoordsV, const Vector3& norma
     Rad segmentAngleIncrement(2*Constants::pi()/segments);
 
     for(UnsignedInt i = 0; i != segments; ++i) {
-        Rad segmentAngle(i*segmentAngleIncrement);
+        Rad segmentAngle = i*segmentAngleIncrement;
         positions(0)->push_back({Math::sin(segmentAngle), y, Math::cos(segmentAngle)});
         normals(0)->push_back(normal);
 

src/Primitives/UVSphere.cpp

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ UVSphere::UVSphere(UnsignedInt rings, UnsignedInt segments, TextureCoords textur
     capVertex(-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);
 
     /* Vertex rings */
-    hemisphereVertexRings(rings-1, 0.0f, -Rad(Constants::pi()/2)+ringAngleIncrement, ringAngleIncrement, textureCoordsVIncrement, textureCoordsVIncrement);
+    hemisphereVertexRings(rings-1, 0.0f, -Rad(Constants::pi())/2+ringAngleIncrement, ringAngleIncrement, textureCoordsVIncrement, textureCoordsVIncrement);
 
     /* Top cap vertex */
     capVertex(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);