magnum/doc/compilation-speedup.dox

namespace Magnum {
/** @page compilation-speedup Speeding up compilation
@brief Techniques for reducing compilation times.

@section compilation-forward-declarations Forward declarations instead of includes

Essential thing when speeding up compilation is reducing number of `#``include`
directives in both headers and source files. %Magnum is strictly applying this
policy in all header files, so all types which are not directly used in the
header have only forward declarations.

For example, when including Magnum.h, you get shortcut typedefs for
floating-point vectors and matrices like @ref Vector3 and @ref Matrix4, but to
actually use any of them, you have to include the respective header, e.g.
Math/Vector3.h.

You are encouraged to use forward declarations also in your code. However, for
some types it can be too cumbersome -- e.g. too many template parameters,
typedefs etc. In this case a header with forward declarations is usually
available, each namespace has its own:

 - Math/Math.h
 - Magnum.h
 - DebugTools/DebugTools.h
 - Physics/Physics.h
 - SceneGraph/SceneGraph.h
 - Shaders/Shaders.h
 - Text/Text.h
 - Trade/Trade.h

@section compilation-speedup-templates Templates

Many things in %Magnum are templated to allow handling of various types and
sizes of data, for example whole Scene graph can operate either with @ref Float
or @ref Double data type. However, having templated classes and function usually
means that the compiler compiles the whole templated code again in each
compilation unit (i.e. source file). In linking stage of the application or
library the duplicates are just thrown out, which is a waste of compilation
time. A few techniques are employed in %Magnum to avoid this.

@subsection compilation-speedup-hpp Template headers and implementation files

When templated code is too large, it is not stored in header file, but in
so-called *template implementation file*. Generally, all header files in
%Magnum have `*.h` extension and all source files have `*.cpp` extension.
Template implementation files have `*.hpp` extension (hinting that they are
something between `*.h` and `*.cpp` files).

Template implementation file can be included along the header itself and it
will just work, but it will negatively affect compilation time. If you are
using one template specialization in many places, the compiler performs
compilation of the same template specialization many times. Template
implementation files give you the ability to explicitly instantiate the
template only once in some dedicated source file. Then you can include just
the header everywhere else and leave the rest on the linker.

Templated classes which have implementation files state in their documentation
all common specializations that are already compiled in the libraries. So,
unless the templated class is too generic or you need something special, you
don't have to mess with template implementation files at all. See
SceneGraph::Object or SceneGraph::AbstractCamera for an example.

Sometimes you however need to use your own specialization and that's why
template implementation files are included in the library. For example we want
to use @ref SceneGraph::Object "Object" from SceneGraph with
@ref SceneGraph::MatrixTransformation3D "MatrixTransformation3D" with
@ref Double as underlying type, because our scene will span the whole universe.
We include the implementation file in dedicated source file and explicitly
instantiate the template:
@code
// Object.cpp
#include "SceneGraph/Object.hpp"

using namespace Magnum::SceneGraph;

template class Object<MatrixTransformation3D<Double>>;
@endcode
All other files using the same object specialization now need to include only
SceneGraph/Object.h header. Thus the Object specialization will be compiled
only once in our `Object.cpp` file, saving precious compilation time.

@subsection compilation-speedup-extern-templates Extern templates

Keyword `extern template` is new thing in C++11, attempting to solve
compilation time problems. However, when used on whole classes, on some
compilers it causes conflicting symbol errors, so in %Magnum its used only for
specific functions.

This is completely transparent to end user, so no special care is needed.
Extern template is used for example for @ref debugoperators "debug operators"
for common types of matrices and vectors.

*/
}