magnum/doc/coding-style.dox

/*
    This file is part of Magnum.

    Copyright © 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019,
                2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026
              Vladimír Vondruš <mosra@centrum.cz>

    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
    copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
    to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
    the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
    and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
    Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
    in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
    THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
    FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
    DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*/

namespace Magnum {
/** @page coding-style Coding style
@brief Coding style and best practices to preserve maintainability and
consistent style across whole project.

@tableofcontents

Please note that if you have a good excuse to either break the rules or modify
them, feel free to do it (and update this guide accordingly, if appropriate).
Nothing is worse than rule that hurts productivity instead of improving it.

This guide builds upon @ref corrade-coding-style "Corrade's coding style guide"
and extends it where needed. You are encouraged to read it first.

@section coding-style-cpp C++ code

@subsection coding-style-cpp-headers Headers

Headers shouldn't have @cpp using @ce declarations inside them (unless there is
good excuse, see @ref Magnum.h).

Headers have `*.h` extension, @ref compilation-speedup-hpp "template implementation headers"
have `*.hpp` extension (hinting that they are something between `*.h` and
`*.cpp` files).

@subsection coding-style-cpp-format Code format

@subsubsection coding-style-cpp-types Builtin types

Use Magnum's own type aliases for public API (e.g. @ref UnsignedInt, see
@ref types for more information), but use specific types when interacting with
third party libraries and OpenGL (e.g. @cpp GLuint @ce) and rely only on
implicit conversions when converting between them. This helps avoiding sign,
truncation and other issues, e.g. @cpp Math::Vector2<GLsizei> @ce will
implicitly convert to @ref Vector2i if and only if @ref Int is the same type as
@cpp GLsizei @ce.

@subsubsection coding-style-cpp-naming Naming

When writing wrappers for OpenGL functions and defines, try to match the
original name as closely as possible, although expanding abbrevations (and
removing redundant prefixes) is encouraged.

@subsubsection coding-style-cpp-forward-declarations Forward declarations and forward declaration headers

When a namespace has classes which are commonly forward-declared, consider
making a forward declaration header --- it should have the same name as the
namespace itself and contain forward declarations for all classes, enums and
copies of all meaningful typedefs. See @ref compilation-forward-declarations
for more information.

@section coding-style-compatibility Compatibility with various OpenGL editions

If any class, function or part of code depends on particular OpenGL edition
(e.g. only for desktop), use conditional compilation to avoid erors on other
platforms (see @ref portability-target for more information). Put related
documentation also into the conditional compilation block and don't forget to
appropriately mark the class/function
(@ref coding-style-documentation-commands-requires "see below"). Example:

@snippet coding-style.h glcompatibility

@section coding-style-documentation Doxygen documentation

@subsection coding-style-documentation-commands Special documentation commands

Additionally to @c \@todoc, @c \@debugoperator, @c \@debugoperatorenum,
@c \@debugoperatorclassenum, @c \@configurationvalue, @c \@configurationvalueref,
@c \@tweakableliteral, @c \@partialsupport, @c \@thirdparty, @c \@cb, @c \@ce,
@c \@cpp, @c \@cmake defined @ref corrade-coding-style-documentation-commands "the same as in Corrade"
and all @c \@m_* commands from the [m.css theme](https://mcss.mosra.cz/doxygen/#theme-specific-commands),
these are defined:

@subsubsection coding-style-documentation-commands-code Code

The @c \@glsl command expands to <tt>\@cb{.glsl}</tt>, making it possible to
have inline highlighted GLSL code snippets, similarly to @c \@cpp and @c \@cmake.

@subsubsection coding-style-documentation-commands-extension Links to OpenGL, Vulkan and OpenAL extensions

If an OpenGL extension is referenced in the documentation, it should be done
with @c \@gl_extension command:

@snippet coding-style.h extension

It produces a link to the specification of the extension in OpenGL registry:

<blockquote>
@gl_extension{ARB,timer_query}
</blockquote>

With command @c \@gl_extension2 you can specify extension filename, if the
previous command gives 404 error. For example

@snippet coding-style.h extension2

produces this link:

<blockquote>
@gl_extension2{NV,read_buffer_front,GL_NV_read_buffer}
</blockquote>

WebGL extensions can be specified using @c \@webgl_extension. For example

@snippet coding-style.h webgl_extension

produces this:

<blockquote>
@webgl_extension{EXT,color_buffer_float}
</blockquote>

Vulkan extensions can be referenced using @c \@vk_extension. For example

@snippet coding-style.h vk_extension

produces this link:

<blockquote>
@vk_extension{EXT,debug_report}
</blockquote>

OpenAL extensions can be referenced using @c \@al_extension, OpenAL context
extension using @c \@alc_extension. For example

@snippet coding-style.h al_extension

produces the following:

<blockquote>
@al_extension{EXT,float32}, @alc_extension{SOFT,HRTF}
</blockquote>

@subsubsection coding-style-documentation-commands-ref Links to related OpenGL, Vulkan, OpenAL functions and definitions

If an function touches OpenGL, related OpenGL functions should be documented
in @c \@see block with @c \@fn_gl command. If only specific definition is used
in the function, document it with @c \@def_gl command. Example usage:

@snippet coding-style.h fn_gl

It produces a link to the online manual:

<blockquote>
@fn_gl{Enable}/@fn_gl{Disable} with @def_gl{TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_SEAMLESS}
</blockquote>

Some functions are documented together in a single page. For this case
there's the @c \@fn_gl2 command that takes the actual page name as second
parameter:

@snippet coding-style.h fn_gl2

<blockquote>
@fn_gl2_keyword{CopyTextureSubImage2D,CopyTexSubImage2D}
</blockquote>

For functions which are not part of OpenGL core specification, but only as
extensions, use @c \@fn_gl_extension command, e.g.

@snippet coding-style.h fn_gl_extension

First parameter is function name without the suffix, the second two parameters
are the same as in @c \@gl_extension command. It produced link to extension
specification, with function name as link text:

<blockquote>
@fn_gl_extension{LabelObject,EXT,debug_label}
</blockquote>

For Vulkan, the commands are @c \@fn_vk, @c \@type_vk, @c \@val_vk and
@c \@def_vk. Example:

@snippet coding-style.h fn_vk

Produces:

<blockquote>
-   @fn_vk{CreateInstance}
-   @type_vk{InstanceCreateInfo}
-   @val_vk{STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO,StructureType}
-   @def_vk{VERSION_MINOR}
</blockquote>

For OpenAL, the commands are @c \@fn_al, @c \@fn_alc, @c \@def_al and
@c \@def_alc. Example:

@snippet coding-style.h fn_al

Produces:

<blockquote>
@fn_al{Listenerfv} with @def_al{VELOCITY}
</blockquote>

There are additional commands that combine @c \@fn_* / @c \@def_* and
@c \@m_keywords together (i.e., provide a link to given GL/AL API and also add
that name as an search keyword for current documented symbol). In particular,
it's @c \@fn_gl_keyword, @c \@fn_gl2_keyword, @c \@def_gl_keyword,
@c \@fn_al_keyword, @c \@fn_alc_keyword, @c \@def_al_keyword and
@c \@def_alc_keyword. Their usage is equivalent to usage of commands without
the `_keyword` suffix.

@subsubsection coding-style-documentation-commands-requires Classes and functions requiring specific OpenGL, Vulkan, OpenAL version or extensions

If any class or function requires specific OpenGL version above 2.1, it should
be marked with appropriate command @c \@requires_glXX, where `XX` is version
number (e.g. `42` for OpenGL 4.2) or @c \@requires_extension for specific
extension which is not in any core OpenGL version. It should be used in
conjunction with @c \@gl_extension command, if there is an extension providing
the same functionality. For example:

@snippet coding-style.h requires_gl

If class is marked with the command, member and related functions shouldn't be
marked. On the other hand, if the version/extension is needed only by one
function, only the function should be marked. If the extension is needed only
for some functionality (not related to any member function), it should be
noted in the description.

Similarly for OpenGL ES there is command @c \@requires_gl for functionality
not available in OpenGL ES at all, @c \@requires_glesXX for functionality
requiring OpenGL ES X.X, @c \@requires_gles for functionality requiring OpenGL
ES and not available in WebGL, @c \@requires_webgl20 for functionality
requiring WebGL 2.0 (i.e., not part of WebGL 1.0), @c \@requires_es_extension
for specific extensions not part of the core OpenGL ES specification and
@c \@requires_webgl_extension for specific extensions not part of the core
WebGL specification. When there is more than just a single platform, first come
desktop requirements, then ES requirements and WebGL requirements last.

For Vulkan, the command is @c \@requires_vkXX, @c \@requires_vk_extension, and
because Vulkan contain feature bits, also @c \@requires_vk_feature.

@snippet coding-style.h requires_vk_extension

For OpenAL, the command is @c \@requires_al_extension:

@snippet coding-style.h requires_al_extension

All classes and functions using those commands are cross-referenced from
@ref opengl, @ref vulkan and @ref openal pages.

@subsection coding-style-documentation-ordering Section ordering

In detailed documentation the text should be always first, the blocks are then
ordered by their importance. Various @c \@note, @c \@attention and @c \@warning
blocks to highlight some information are always first, then @c \@see block with
links to related stuff, where related Magnum functions are first and links to
related GL API last, then various support information such as
@c \@requires_glXX, @c \@requires_es_extension etc. (first desktop GL, then ES,
then WebGL), after that @c \@deprecated_gl and @c \@deprecated information and
@c \@todo, @c \@todoc and @c \@bug always last, as they are the least important
and in most cases only for internal use.

@section coding-style-unit-tests Unit tests

All unit tests use Corrade's @ref Corrade::TestSuite "TestSuite".

Don't forget to test all @cpp constexpr @ce methods --- many compilers don't
implicitly check whether the @cpp constexpr @ce keyword can be used but then
complain when you force the expression to be constant. It's better not to have
given method marked as @cpp constexpr @ce than have it marked it errorneously.
It's usually not desirable to have special test case for @cpp constexpr @ce
behaviors, add @cpp constexpr @ce keywords to existing test cases to avoid
duplicated testing of the same thing. Example (testing a copy constructor):

@code{.cpp}
constexpr Vector3 a(1.5f, 2.0f, 0.4f);
constexpr Vector3 b(a);
CORRADE_COMPARE(b, Vector3(1.5f, 2.0f, 0.4f));
@endcode

Don't forget to test implicit/explicit constructors and conversion operators
where it matters (i.e. all low-level and frequently used types like vectors,
matrices etc.). If the constructor/operator is implicit, test it in the context
where explicit one would fail to compile, if it is explicit, test its
explicitness with @ref std::is_convertible (it should return @cpp false @ce).
These tests might catch various ambiguous call errors which would otherwise be
unnoticed:

@code{.cpp}
Vector2 a = {1.5f, 0.5f}; // Explicit constructor would fail to compile here
CORRADE_COMPARE(a, Vector2(1.5f, 0.5f));

Vector2i b(a); // Implicit conversion operator would return true in 2nd check
CORRADE_COMPARE(b, Vector2(1, 0));
CORRADE_VERIFY(!(std::is_convertible<Vector2, Vector2i>::value));
@endcode

If some type should be constructible also from base type (additionally to copy
constructor), don't forget to test that too. The test is also usually needed
only for low-level frequently used types (vectors, matrices) where such error
would do largest harm. Depending on how copy constructor is implemented, you
probably don't need to test classic copy construction, as it would be handled
by the already tested one. Example (copy construction from base type):

@code{.cpp}
Vector<3, Float> a(1.5f, 2.0f, 0.4f);
Vector3 b(a);
CORRADE_COMPARE(b, Vector3(1.5f, 2.0f, 0.4f));
@endcode

*/
}