magnum/doc/platform.dox

/*
    This file is part of Magnum.

    Copyright © 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019,
                2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025
              Vladimír Vondruš <mosra@centrum.cz>

    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
    copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
    to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
    the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
    and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
    Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
    in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
    THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
    FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
    DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*/

namespace Magnum {
/** @page platform Platform support
@brief Integration into windowing toolkits and creation of windowless contexts.

@tableofcontents
@m_footernavigation

The @ref Platform namespace contains `*Application` classes integrating Magnum
into various toolkits, both windowed and windowless. Each class has slightly
different dependencies and platform requirements, see documentation of the
@ref Platform namespace and particular `*Application` classes for more
information about building and usage with CMake.

The classes aim to provide a common API to achieve static polymorphism, which
ultimately means you should be able to use different toolkits on different
platforms by only changing an @cpp #include @ce and linking to a different
library.

@section platform-windowed Windowed applications

Windowed applications provide a window, keyboard and pointer input handling.
The most widely used toolkit is SDL2, which is implemented in
@ref Platform::Sdl2Application. At the very least, provide an one-argument
constructor and the @relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,drawEvent()}
function. The class can be then used directly in @cpp main() @ce, but for
convenience and portability to other toolkits and platforms it's better to use
the @ref MAGNUM_SDL2APPLICATION_MAIN() macro. If just a single application
header is included, the class is aliased to a @cpp Platform::Application @ce
typedef and to a @cpp MAGNUM_APPLICATION_MAIN() @ce macro.

Barebone application implementation which will just clear the window to dark
blue color is shown in the following code listing.

@note A fully contained base application along with CMake setup is available in
    the `base` branch of the [Magnum Bootstrap](https://github.com/mosra/magnum-bootstrap)
    repository.

@snippet Platform.cpp windowed

@subsection platform-windowed-pointer-events Handling mouse, touch and pen events

All application implementations have a generalized pointer input that covers
mouse, (multi-)touch and pen input in a single interface, exposed through
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,pointerPressEvent()},
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,pointerReleaseEvent()} and
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,pointerMoveEvent()}. Override a subset
based on the events you want to handle. Mouse input is present in every
application, touch and pen support varies based on the underlying toolkit.

To make the application touch- and pen-aware, all you need to do is treat
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,Pointer::Finger} (and
@relativeref{Platform::AndroidApplication,Pointer::Pen}) the same way as
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,Pointer::MouseLeft}. The pointer types
can be ORed into an enum set for a simpler check, as shown below. Additionally,
pointer events report also secondary touches from multi-touch interfaces.
Unless you specifically handle multi-touch gestures in the application, it
makes sense to handle only primary touches, i.e. only the first pressed finger,
with @relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,PointerEvent::isPrimary()}. Mouse
and pen input is marked as primary always.

@snippet Platform.cpp windowed-pointer-events

In addition to the above generalized interface, there's
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,scrollEvent()} providing 2D scroll
events from a mouse wheel, trackball or touchpad.

See @ref Platform-Sdl2Application-touch,
@ref Platform-EmscriptenApplication-touch and
@ref Platform-AndroidApplication-touch for additional tookit-specific
information. A @ref Platform::TwoFingerGesture helper provides recognition of
common two-finger gestures for zoom, rotation and pan.

@subsection platform-windowed-key-events Attaching to keyboard and text input

The @relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,keyPressEvent()} and
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,keyReleaseEvent()} provide key input
events, both a from a physical keyboard and a virtual one on touch-only
devices. Apart from the @relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,Key} being
pressed or released, they track information about which keyboard
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,Modifiers} are pressed.

For text input there's @relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,textInputEvent()},
which has to be explicitly enabled with
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,startTextInput()} and then disabled
again with @relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,stopTextInput()}. The text
input directly gives the application bits of UTF-8 text, matching current
keyboard layout, system configuration and other platform-specific state.

Key events are still fired even with text input enabled in order to be able to
react to arrow keys for cursor movement, editing shortcuts and such. Key events
* *should not* be used for getting actual typed characters, attempting to do so
will never lead to a solution that works reliably on all platforms.

@snippet Platform.cpp windowed-key-events

For [IME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_method) and other advanced text
editing, certain application implementations provide also a
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,textEditingEvent()}.

@section platform-windowed-configuration Specifying configuration

By default the application is created with reasonable defaults (such as a
window size of 800x600 pixels). Pass a
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,Configuration} instance to the
application constructor to modify those. Using method chaining it can be done
conveniently like this:

@snippet Platform.cpp windowed-configuration

@subsection platform-windowed-viewport-events Responding to window size changes

By default the application doesn't respond to window size changes in any way,
and the window has a fixed size. To make the window resizable and properly
respond to size changes, construct the application with
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,Configuration::WindowFlag::Resizable}
and override the @relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,viewportEvent()}
function, where you pass the new size to the default framebuffer and where else
is appropriate:

@snippet Platform.cpp windowed-viewport-events

@section platform-windowless Windowless applications

Windowless applications provide just a context for offscreen rendering or for
performing tasks on a GPU. For OpenGL there is no platform-independent toolkit
which could handle this in portable way, thus you have to use platform-specific
implementations. Magnum provides windowless applications for GLX and EGL on
Unix, CGL on macOS and WGL or EGL on Windows. To make things simple, as an
example we will use only @ref Platform::WindowlessEglApplication, below is a
link to a bootstrap application for a fully cross-platform example.

You need to implement just the
@relativeref{Platform::WindowlessEglApplication,exec()} function. The class can
be then used directly in @cpp main() @ce, but again, for convenience and
portability it's better to use the @ref MAGNUM_WINDOWLESSEGLAPPLICATION_MAIN()
macro.

Similarly as with windowed applications, if just a single windowless
application header is included, the library provides a
@cpp Platform::WindowlessApplication @ce typedef and a
@cpp MAGNUM_WINDOWLESSAPPLICATION_MAIN() @ce macro. Changing the code to use
a different toolkit is then again a matter of using a different
@cpp #include @ce and linking to a different library. Aliases for windowless
applications are separated from aliases for windowed applications, because
projects commonly contain both graphics applications and helper command-line
tools for data processing and such.

A barebone application which will just print out the current OpenGL version and
renderer string is in the following code listing.

@note A fully contained windowless application using
    @ref Platform::WindowlessCglApplication on macOS,
    @ref Platform::WindowlessGlxApplication /
    @ref Platform::WindowlessEglApplication on Unix and
    @ref Platform::WindowlessWglApplication on Windows along with CMake setup
    is available in the `windowless` branch of the
    [Magnum Bootstrap](https://github.com/mosra/magnum-bootstrap) repository.

@snippet Platform-windowless.cpp windowless

@section platform-compilation Compilation with CMake

Barebone compilation consists just of finding Magnum library with, for example,
`Sdl2Application` component, compilation of the executable and linking
`Magnum::Magnum` and `Magnum::Sdl2Application` to it.

Again, to simplify porting, you can also use generic `Magnum::Application`
aliases (or `Magnum::WindowlessApplication` for windowless applications), but
only if only one application (windowless application) component is requested to
avoid ambiguity. Changing the build script to use different toolkit is then
matter of replacing only the requested `*Application` component (and one
@cpp #include @ce line in the actual code, as said above).

@code{.cmake}
find_package(Magnum REQUIRED Sdl2Application)

add_executable(myapplication MyApplication.cpp)
target_link_libraries(myapplication
    Magnum::Magnum
    Magnum::Application)
@endcode

@section platform-configuration-delayed Delayed context creation

Sometimes you may want to set up the application based on a configuration file
or system introspection, which can't really be done inside the base class
initializer. You can specify @ref NoCreate in the constructor instead and pass
the @relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,Configuration} later to a
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,create()} function:

@snippet Platform.cpp createcontext

If context creation in the constructor or in
@relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,create()} fails, the application prints
an error message to standard output and exits. While that frees you from having
to do explicit error handling, sometimes a more graceful behavior may be
desirable --- with @relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,tryCreate()} the
function returns @cpp false @ce instead of exiting and it's up to you whether
you abort the launch or retry with different configuration. You can for example
try enabling MSAA first, and if the context creation fails, fall back to no-AA
rendering:

@snippet Platform.cpp trycreatecontext

<b></b>

@m_class{m-block m-warning}

@par Implications for GL objects as class members
    Delaying GL context creation to
    @relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,create()} /
    @relativeref{Platform::Sdl2Application,tryCreate()} means that, at the
    point when class members get constructed, the context isn't available yet.
    If you have GL objects such as @ref GL::Mesh or @ref Shaders::PhongGL as
    class members, the application may hit the following assert during startup:
@par
    @code{.shell-session}
    GL::Context::current(): no current context
    @endcode
@par
    The solution is to construct the GL objects with @ref NoCreate constructors
    as well and populate them with live instances only after the context has
    been created. See @ref opengl-wrapping-instances-nocreate for more
    information.

@section platform-custom Using custom platform toolkits

In case you want to use some not-yet-supported toolkit or you don't want to use
the application wrappers in @ref Platform namespace, you can initialize Magnum
manually. First create OpenGL context and then create instance of
@ref Platform::GLContext class, which will take care of proper initialization
and feature detection. The instance must be alive for whole application
lifetime. Example @cpp main() @ce function with manual initialization is in the
following code listing.

@note A fully contained application with manual Magnum initialization on top of
    the Qt toolkit is available in the
    [base-qt5](https://github.com/mosra/magnum-bootstrap/tree/base-qt5) /
    [base-qt6](https://github.com/mosra/magnum-bootstrap/tree/base-qt6)
    branches of the Magnum Bootstrap repository. Similar project, but for
    wxWidgets and gtkmm are in the
    [base-wxwidgets](https://github.com/mosra/magnum-bootstrap/tree/base-wxwidgets)
    and [base-gtkmm](https://github.com/mosra/magnum-bootstrap/tree/base-gtkmm)
    branches.
@note
    There's also an example showing @ref examples-triangle-plain-glfw "usage of plain GLFW to render a basic triangle".

@snippet Platform-custom.cpp custom

@attention The @ref Platform::GLContext instance is bound to a single OpenGL
    context, which must be always set as current when calling any Magnum APIs
    touching OpenGL state.

On majority of platforms the @ref Platform::GLContext class does GL function
pointer loading using platform-specific APIs. In that case you also need to
find particular `*Context` library, add its include dir and then link to it.
These platform-specific libraries are available:

-   `CglContext` --- CGL context (macOS)
-   `EglContext` --- EGL context (everywhere except Emscripten)
-   `GlxContext` --- GLX context (X11-based Unix)
-   `WglContext` --- WGL context (Windows)

Systems not listed here (such as Emscripten) don't need any `Context` library,
because dynamic function pointer loading is not available on these.

For example, when you create the OpenGL context using GLX, you need to find
`GlxContext` component, and link to `Magnum::GlxContext` target. Similarly to
application libraries, you can also use the generic `Magnum::GLContext` target,
providing you requested only one `*Context` component in the
@cmake find_package() @ce call. Complete example:

@code{.cmake}
find_package(Magnum REQUIRED GlxContext)

add_executable(myapplication MyCustomApplication.cpp)
target_link_libraries(myapplication
    Magnum::Magnum
    Magnum::GLContext)
@endcode

@section platform-windowless-contexts Manually managing windowless contexts

In case you need to manage windowless OpenGL contexts manually (for example
to use Magnum for data processing in a thread or when having more than one
OpenGL context), there is a possibility to directly use the context wrappers
from windowless applications. Each @ref Platform::WindowlessEglApplication "Platform::Windowless*Application"
is accompanied by a @ref Platform::WindowlessEglContext "Platform::Windowless*Context"
class that manages just GL context creation, making it current and destruction.
Similarly to using custom platform toolkits above, the workflow is to first
create a GL context instance, then making it current and finally instantiating
the @ref Platform::GLContext instance to initialize Magnum.

Similarly as with the applications, to simplify the porting, the library
provides @cpp Platform::WindowlessGLContext @ce typedef, but only if just one
windowless application header is included.

@attention With this approach it is possible to switch between different GL
    contexts, but make sure that Magnum is used only with its own OpenGL
    context.

@snippet Platform-windowless-custom.cpp custom

The main purpose of windowless contexts is threaded OpenGL, used for example
for background data processing. The workflow is to create the windowless
context on the main thread, but make it current in the worker thread. This way
the main thread state isn't affected so it can have any other GL context
current (for example for the main application rendering). See
@ref GL-Context-multithreading and @ref CORRADE_BUILD_MULTITHREADED for more
information.

@note Context creation is not thread safe on all platforms, that's why it still
    has to be done on the main thread.

@snippet Platform-windowless-thread.cpp thread
*/
}